Status and developments of target production for research on heavy and superheavy nuclei and elements

Abstract We give an overview of the special challenges regarding target development and production for accelerator-based heavy superheavy-nuclei experiments in past perspectives future. Production ever heavier elements, studies heavy-element fusion or transfer reactions, spectroscopic investigations on their nuclear structure decay fission processes with fragment analyses, laser atomic structure, high-precision mass measurements as well chemical are lively fields current science. The ever-increasing beam intensities, feasible new accelerator development, crucial synthesis superheavy elements because low cross sections many reactions. Therefore, backing materials higher durability experiment lifetime is increasingly important. Here we concentrate techniques necessary targets that needed this field interest. For future, also monitoring, cooling, intensity profile shaping will play important role, but not focus article.